A Passage to India by Forster Essay Example for Free

‘A Passage to India’ by Forster Essay ? â€Å"By close analysis of the structure and language of chapter one discuss how Forster expresses his overall concerns within the novel as a whole via this initial description of the Indian landscape.† Through chapter one of ‘A Passage to India’ Forster does far more than introduce the small town of Chandrapore. In this initial section of the novel the construction of the text reflects the tiered Indian society that becomes the basis for Forster’s deeper exploration of mankind and human behaviour. In addition, the ominous significance of the Marabar Caves within the novel is prefigured via the mysterious imagery used to describe them. This is contrasted by the more optimistic language which is used to describe the ‘overarching sky’ that unifies all men and points towards a hope for the future of peaceful co-existence. At the beginning of the chapter the reader is first introduced to the Muslim aspect of Chandrapore, the lowest tier of the Indian society but perhaps the most resilient. Here what Adela will later refer to as the ‘Real India’ is depicted. Through vivid imagery the area appears akin to a wasteland devoid of any significance. Even the holy river Ganges is described as â€Å"Trailing for a couple of miles†¦scarcely distinguishable from the rubbish it deposits so freely.† It is negative language such as this that creates a compounding sense of desolation about the ‘Real India.’ This of course is entirely necessary in order for Forster to create and convey the contrast between the Indian and English cultures which he believes to be incompatible in this context. Graphic and harsh language permeates the whole of this first section of the chapter creating a highly effective image of the squalor in which the Mohammedan Indians are condemned to live by their English rulers. The streets are â€Å"Mean† the â€Å"Temples ineffective† and the â€Å"Filth† of alleyways deters all but the invited guest.† By describing their quarter in such a way Forster makes the Muslim Indian seem almost sub-human to his readers, this of course, is how they are viewed by the English. They are remarked upon as â€Å"Low† but also as â€Å"Indestructible.† Despite their apparent lack of sophistication, the way in which, â€Å"The general outline of the town persists† comes to reflect the similar way in which the Muslim culture, although suppressed by the English, is based upon strong foundations of religious devotion and an inextinguishable spirit. Forster describes them as â€Å"Swelling here†¦shrinking there† and by doing so creates a very evocative image which captures perfectly the way in which the Indian race move ‘en-mass’ and in harmony, united in their angst to recapture their homeland. As Forster remarks, â€Å"Inland the prospect alters† and the Eurasian, Anglo-India described in the second section of the passage could not present a more stark contrast to that of Islamic Chandrapore. Here the houses belonging to the Eurasians â€Å"Stand on high ground† an important symbol which reflects the way in which the English believe themselves to be above the Indian race both morally and intellectually. It is this attitude of ignorance and racial superiority which will be developed and scathingly criticised by Forster as the novel progresses. Indeed it could be argued that humanity’s unwillingness to understand one another is the underlying theme behind the whole text and that in reality Adela and Mrs. Moore’s passage to India is in fact a deeper analogy for a more complex passage of mankind towards understanding itself. On a second rise of land lies the â€Å"Little civil station.† As the focal point for Eurasian society it is remarked that, â€Å"From here†¦Chandrapore appears to be a totally different place.† This observation encapsulates the way in which the station and its social club both seem to be isolated from the rest of India. Immersed in a fantasy world of British high society the station itself is described as, â€Å"Provoking no emotion† and â€Å"Sensibly planned.† This epitomises the logical mindset of the English, which deeply contrasts that of the spiritual Indian and highlights how even at a simple level of human understanding harmony is not possible between the two cultures creating the â€Å"Muddle† which is colonial India. Britain’s attitude of imposing herself upon other nations, typical of this time period before partition, is something heavily attacked by Forster. Throughout the text he is seen to criticise England replicated in India because to him this is unnatural and false. During the entirety of this second section of the passage Forster adopts a tone of negativity towards the English. Their section of Chandrapore is described as, â€Å"Sharing nothing with the rest of the city except the overarching sky† conveying the way in which they consciously isolate themselves from the Indians. In the overall context of the novel this image becomes very important. As gradually relations between the two races come to deteriorate the sky comes to be the only unifying element between Indian and Englishman. Further more, the way in which the image is echoed throughout the text seems to suggest the existence of a more powerful presence beyond man both physically and in terms of significance within the universe. It is Forster’s belief that ultimately the petty quarrels of man are meaningless in such a vast entity. The final section of the chapter is used by Forster to expand on the concept of the overarching sky. It is described as having a â€Å"Persistent blue core† the stars â€Å"Hanging like lamps from the immense vault† which is the sky and it is elevated imagery such as this which comes to symbolise a hope for the future of mankind. In contrast to the â€Å"muddle† and â€Å"misunderstanding† which covers India and the rest of the earth, the sky instead represents an element which unifies all men. Its persistence represents a hope that one day all the problems of man explored within the novel will pale into insignificance. It could be argued the description of the sky evokes an atmosphere akin to that of the Hindu religion. Forster remarks, â€Å"The sky settles everything† and indeed to Godbole and his fellow Hindus this is to a certain degree true. The unanswerable questions, the answers to which are sought by both Muslim and Christian are left to be pondered by Godbole. He seeks to answer questions about his own spiritual existence and the natural world around him. As a result his passage within the novel becomes one of progression as opposed one to of retreat as is experienced by Aziz and Fielding. The Chapter ends with a final short image of the mysterious Marabar caves. All around â€Å"League after league the earth lies flat,† yet in the south, â€Å"A group of fists and fingers are thrust up through the soil.† These fingers are the ‘Marabar hills’ and seem to point mysteriously towards the heavens above. The way in which they seem to separate themselves from their earthly surroundings suggests an equally unearthly presence about them. This of course will be proved true by the supernatural and inexplicable violation which Adela experiences within their walls. Dark and devoid of humanity they represent an aspect of India that the logical English will never be able to conquer. Therefore it is possible to conclude that the first Chapter of ‘A Passage to India’ can be regarded as a template for the novel as a whole. Almost all of Forster’s overall concerns are indicated by its content and it is clear that the varied description of the Indian landscape comes to symbolise differences between those who inhabit the land. This disjointed construction of society will only increase as the novel progresses ultimately leading to the personal retreat of the novel’s two main characters, Aziz and Fielding whom are unable to stand out as individuals and trapped within the confines of their own cultures. It will be only the deeply spiritual Godbole who is shown to have made any real progress via his own ‘Passage to India’ and of course Mrs. Moore, who despite her death becomes a symbol for hope by the way in which she is revered as a Hindu Goddess. â€Å"A Passage to India† – E.M. Forster Classic notes – www.classicnotes.com ‘A Passage to India’ by Forster. (2017, Jul 10).

Problem Facing UK Copyright Law Arising in Digital Market Essay

Problem Facing UK Copyright Law Arising in Digital Market - Essay Example This paper will evaluate the Problems facing UK copyright law as a result of the digital market. Additionally, I will explain why I chose this topic. Moreover, the paper will cover my intended research methodology. Also, it will cover a review of the previous studies conducted on this topic. Many organizations and people come up with new innovations and inventions in addition to improving their current properties. This innovations, inventions and improvements have an economic value. As such, laws have been formulated to protect such intellectual properties and innovations against copying or illegal usage. These laws are founded on the concept or idea that if an individual, group or organisation has utilized his or her expertise, knowledge and resources to design and create a new item, no other person must benefit from that invention without the inventor’s authorization. In order to enforce compliance, there is need for legislation to deter illegal usage of another person’s property. Most governments enact copyright laws to guard and provide exclusive rights to creators of original work for a specified time. Often, it is referred to as the right to copy. However, it gives the copyright holder other additional rights. The development and creation of the computer network and digital media technologies have prompted the UK government to reinterpret the copy right laws. Patents, trade secrets and trademarks are applicable to expressible forms of information or ideas. Under the intellectual property law, owners are given exclusive rights to a multitude of intangible assets (Lemley, 2004). For example, literary, artistic works; inventions and discoveries, designs and symbols and musical works. Intellectual and copyright property rights encompass patents, trademarks, trade secrets and industrial design rights depending on the jurisdiction. Although most copyright laws in protecting property are territorial and confined to the area of their origin, a lot of

Phd proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Phd - Research Proposal Example Some of the things I learned in my Masters included the fact that fact that tourism in Saudi Arabia has brought great benefits to the country. Tourism has led to a better understanding between many different types of people. When people come together in a different country, they are able to mix well, regardless of backgrounds, religious affiliations or cultures. Tourists come to a country to have an opportunity to relax and learn about different cultures. They take in the ambiance, the foods and the customs of that country. Saudi Arabia has always been a good place to go for understanding new cultures. Tourism can also have negative challenges in the country. As an example, environmental challenges can happen when people who do not understand the country are visiting. They can also disregard national and traditions of nationals. Often, sand dunes and pollution can create problems for the environment. All of these are issues that I would like to explore and study at a deeper level. Saudi Arabia has a harsh desert climate and can experience extreme temperatures, which means that most people will visit only four months of the year: mid-April, February, November and October. I would like to find out whether there is something that we can do that will create tourism all year round. My interest in tourism goes back to an interest that I had as a child. I have liked travel as an adult because I enjoy meeting people and helping them. As an Arabian man, I know that there can be stereotypes with some foreigners who may come to my country and there can be challenges because of misunderstandings. I want to complete my PhD in this area so that I can understand more about the global market and how people interact with Saudis. I have a thirst for knowledge in this area and that is why I want to continue to do it on a deeper level. According to the information I have found in your course guides, I find that what you are offering for a PhD program would be